NSSO had conducted an all-India household survey on education
during the period January – June 2014. The purpose of the survey was to collect
information on participation of persons aged 5-29 years in pursuit of education
in the country; the extent of use of educational infrastructure, facilities and
incentives provided by the government and private sectors and its impact on
current attendance status of population in the educational institutions;
private expenditure incurred by households on education and the extent of
educational wastage in terms of dropping-out and discontinuance, and its causes.
The survey covered the whole of the
Indian Union. The results of the survey are based only on the Central Sample
canvassed by NSSO, consisting of 4,577 villages and 3,720 urban blocks, spread
over all States and Union Territories of the country.Theinformation was
collected from 36,479 households in rural areas and 29,447 households in urban
areas during the 71st round.
Some key indicators on various aspects
of social consumption on education in the country as obtained from the survey
during January-June 2014 are as follows:
I. Literacy rates
• Literacy rate among persons of
age 7 years and above in India was 75%. In rural areas, literacy rate was 71%
compared to 86% in urban areas.
• Differences in literacy rate
among persons of age 7 years and above was observed with male literacy rate
being substantially higher (83%) than female literacy rate (67%).
• Adult literacy (age 15 years and
above) rate in India was around 71%. For adults also, literacy rate in rural
areas was lower than that in urban areas. In rural areas, adult literacy rate
was 64% as compared to 84% in urban areas.
II. Accessibility of nearest primary,
upper primary and secondary school
• No significant difference between
rural and urban India existed in terms of distance for physical access to primary
schooling. In both rural and urban areas,nearly 99% households reported
availability of primary school within 2 kms from the house.
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• For accessing educational
institutions providing higher level of learning, say upper primary or secondary,
a lower proportion of households in rural areas compared to the households in
urban areas reported existence of such facilities within 2 kms.
• Nearly 86% of rural households
and 96% of urban households reported upper primary schools within a distance of
2 kmsfrom the house while nearly 60% of rural households and 91% of urban
households reported secondary schools atsuch a distance.
III. Completed level of education among
persons of age 5 years and above
• The proportion of personshaving
completed higher level of education, say, graduation and above, was more in the
urban areas than in the rural areas.
• In the rural areas, nearly 4.5%
of males and 2.2% of females completed education level of ‘graduation and
above’while in the urban areas 17% of males and 13% of females completed this
level of education.
IV. Attendance and enrolment
• In both rural and urban areas, a
very small proportion ofpersons (nearly 1 per cent) in the age group 5-29
years, were currently enrolled but not attending educational institutions.
• In rural areas 58.7%
of males and 53% of females in the 5-29 age-group were currently attending
educational institution. In urban areas, the percentages being 57% for males
and 54.6% for females.
V. Attendance ratios
• Gross Attendance
Ratiofor level ‘primary’ was nearly 100% for both males and females in rural
and urban areas.
• Gross Attendance
Ratio at level ‘primary to higher secondary’ was 91% and 88% for rural males
and females respectively, marginally lower as compared to 93% for both males
and females in urban sector.
• Net Attendance Ratio in India at
primary level was 84%formale and 83%for female children in the age-group 6-10
years, the official age-group for Classes I-V.
• There was no major
rural-urban or male-female disparity at all-India level till elementary level
(primary and upper primary) in the Net Attendance Ratio.
VI. Current attendance by type of
education
• In India nearly 85% of the
students in age-group 15-29 years were pursuing general education
• Nearly 12.6% and 2.4 % students
in age-group 15-29 years were attending technical/professional and vocational
courses respectively.
VII. Attendance by type of courses
• Among the male students pursuing
general education, 46% were pursuing humanities as compared to 54% of the
female students, 35% of the male students were pursuing science compared to 28%
female students and 20% of the male students were pursuing commerce compared to
18% of the female students.
• Among the male
students pursing technical/professional education, 46% were pursuing
engineering compared to 29% of the female students and4% of the male students
were pursuing medicine(including nursing) compared to 14% of the female
students.
VIII. Type of institution attended
• In rural areas, majority of the
students were attending government institutions predominantly up to higher
secondary levels, whereas a completely different picture was observed in urban
areas.
• In rural areas, 72%
of the students at primary level, 76% at upper primary level and 64% at
secondary & higher secondary level attended Government institutions, while
in urban areas, 31% at primary level, 38% at upper primary level as well as
secondary & higher secondary level, attended Government institutions.
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IX. Incentives received
• Almost 94% students from rural
areas and 87% students from urban areas at primary level studying in government
institutions were receiving free education.
• At upper primary
level, 89% students in rural areas and 80% students in urban areas,studying in
government institutions were receiving free education.
• At secondary and
higher secondary level, 58% students in rural areas and 52% students in urban
areas,studying in government institutions,received free education.
• 63% of students at primary level
and 62% of students at upper primary level received mid-day meal.
X. Private coaching
• At the all-India level, nearly
26% of the students were taking private coaching.
XI. Students staying in hostel
• Nearly 5% of the students in
India were staying in hostel for study.
XII. Private expenditure on education
• Average expenditure (₹)
per studentincurred and/or to be incurred during the current academicsession
was nearly ₹ 6788 for general education, ₹
62841 for technical/professional (except vocational) and ₹
27676 for vocational course
• At primary level, expenditure per
student in urban areas was ₹ 10083, more than
four times than that in rural areas (₹ 2811).
• Average expenditure
on technical education in private aided & unaided institutions varied
between nearly 1.5-2.5 times of that in government institutions.
• Nearly 46% of the expenditure
forgeneral education and 73% of the expenditure for technical education was on
course fee.
• For students pursuing
general courses, 15% was spent on private coachingas against 3% for students
pursuing technical/professional education (including vocational).
XIII. Never-enrolment and
discontinuance of education
• In India, nearly 11% of the
persons of age 5-29 years in rural areas and 6% in urban areas never enrolled
in any educational institution.
• In India, proportion of persons
in the age group 5-29 years dropping out/discontinued studies werenearly 33% in
rural areas and 38% in urban areas.
• For the males of age
5-29 years, engagement in economic activities was the most common reason for
dropping out (30% in rural areas and 34% in urban areas), whereas for the
females, the dominant reason was engagement in domestic activities (33% in
rural areas and 23% in urban areas).
• In rural areas, the major reason
for never enrolment for persons of age 5-29 years was ‘not interested in
education’ (33% male and 27% female) while in urban areas, nearly 33% males and
30% females in the age group 5-29 years never enrolled because of ‘financial
contraints’.
XIV. Access to computer and internet
• Nearly 6% of rural
households and 29% of urban household possessed computer.
• In India, among households with
at least one member of age 14 years and above,nearly 27% had internet access in
the survey year, 2014. The proportions were 16% among rural households and 49%
of urban households.
• Among persons
of age 14-29 years, nearly 18% in rural areas and 49% in urban areas were able
to operate a computer.
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